Dark Side of Science - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1014 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Science Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? â€Å"Only guard yourself and guard your soul carefully, lest you forget the things your eyes saw, and lest these things depart your heart all the days of your life. And you shall make them known to your children, and to your children’s children. † Deuteronomy 4:9. (USHMM) Were the experiments that the Nazi’s conducted on the Jew’s beneficial or detrimental to the advancement of science? I think to understand the question we must understand the why, of the situation. For example Dr. Fritz Klein’s response to Dr. Ella Lingens-Reiner when she asked, â€Å"How can you reconcile that (the ash coming from the chimneys) with your oath as a doctor? His answer was, â€Å"Of course I am a doctor and I want to preserve life. And out of respect for human life, I would remove a gangrenous appendix from a diseased body. The Jew is the gangrenous appendix in the body of mankind. †(Lifton 12) Reichsfuhre Josef Mengle was known as the â€Å"Angel o f Death†. Mengle’s area of expertise was genetics and twins. He wrote his medical dissertation on how the structure of the lower jaw differed between the races. The twins he kept as pets, isolating them from the rest of the camp, giving them treats of candy and clothes, bribing them for before he would perform horrific experiments on them. The twins would endure daily blood draws and injections in the eye in hopes that he (Mengle) would be able to change their eye color. He even went so far as to sew a set of twins together to see if he could create â€Å"Siamese twins†. On Mengle’s orders, children suffering from noma were put to death in order for pathology investigations to be carried out. Organs and even complete heads of children were preserved and sent in jars to institutions including the Medical Academy in Graz, Austria. (Bard 1) More often than not, there was no real medical knowledge gained from any of his experiments. Sigmund Rascher howev er focused his experiments on high altitude sickness and hypothermia on Dachau camp prisoners. (Harvard) The experiments of high altitude were meant to push the limits of human endurance and existence. Prisoners were often placed in a low pressure chamber and the pressure was raised within. Most died, some did not. The hypothermia experiments were also meant to test the strength of the human body. The purpose behind these experiments, were to find the most effective way to re-warm a person who had been exposed to freezing temperatures. Bard 1) Carl Clauberg also had Auschwitz prisoners at his disposal; he injected chemical substances into women’s uterus’ and ovaries to find a â€Å"cheap and effective method of sterilization†. Herta Oberheuser, killed children with oil and evipan injections. Her â€Å"research† (and I use that term loosely) focused on deliberately inflicting wounds on prisoners, to simulate the combat wounds of German soldiers. Oberheuser would rub wood, rusty nails, slivers of glass, dirt and sawdust into the wounds of prisoners. (Bard 1) Karl Brandt preformed Sulfanilamide experiments at Ravensbrueck between July 1942 September 1943. These experiments were conducted for the benefit of the German soldiers. These experiments were to test the effectiveness of sulfanilamide and other drugs as treatments for infected wounds. (Sulfa drug testing was also going on in other parts of the world). Brant was also instrument in the study on bone, muscle, nerve regeneration, and bone transplant experiments. These also were preformed on inmates at the Ravensbrueck camp. (Harvard) The pro and cons of Germany’s bio-medical vision. The experiments that the Nazi’s preformed on the Jew’s were varied. But how has these crimes committed against man benefited or hurt the advancement of medicine. But what we have to understand is that science is amoral. (Orac 1) It is the people who use science, use it as a me thod, a tool for measuring things, it is these people whose morals the experiments reflect. For example a chainsaw is just that; a chainsaw, it has no notion of right or wrong, as a tool it can be used for evil or good. It is the person wielding the chainsaw one must worry about. The same can be said about the Nazi doctors, they were so focused on their Aryan bio-medical vision, they didn’t see the forest for the trees. However, they did produce some rather life altering inventions, such as: the electron microscope and they established the link between asbestos and lung cancer. â€Å"In addition Nazi Germany also forbid the use of the pesticide DDT on the grounds that it was a health hazard and instead used a german produced version known as cyclone-b. † (Kemp 1) â€Å"Also Nazi scientist were among the first in the world to warn of the dangers of radiation; asbestos, lead, cadmium, and mercury. † (Kemp 1) â€Å"Indeed German physicist and engineers develope d what was in essence the first cruise missile (V-1)† (Orac 1) In conclusion I believe that the Third Reich Regime did stumble upon some very amazing medical findings. However the results of the experiments are unreliable do to the poor health of the patients, in combination with their unhealthy living conditions. The information the scientific community has learned is invaluable. And while the experiments themselves remain un-reproducible, and the lives are un-replaceable, we as a society are armed with a knowledge that no one can take away. â€Å"Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths of smoke beneath a silent blue sky. Never shall I forget those flames which consumed my faith forever. Never shall I forget that nocturnal silence which de prived me, for all eternity, of the desire to live. Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust. Never shall I forget these things, even if I am condemned to live as long as God Himself. Never. † (Wiesel 32) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dark Side of Science" essay for you Create order

Human Interaction And The Bonds Of Friendship - 1879 Words

Human interaction and the bonds of friendship and love between people have fascinated us for centuries. Scientists, poets, authors, and many others have inquired, explored, and expressed their findings throughout history. Whereas scientists focal point is often the reasoning behind these feelings and why we behave the way we do, authors approach the subject with a representation of what it means to be human and possess these qualities. In every culture throughout time, authors have delved into stories, both real and imagined, that illustrate the relationships between people and the loyalty to one another. Through the use of characters and plot, they have depicted how the true measure of a person s character lies in his integrity and how he interacts with others. Charles Dickens, an author during the Victorian era, is held as one of the greatest novelist of all time. Dickens addresses many universal themes and issues in all of his novels. In Charles Dickens extolled novel, Great Exp ectations, through the skillful crafting of characters such as Abel Magwitch, Pip, and Joe, the renowned author illustrates the bond of loyalty between humans and the actions of responsibility that it procures, as well as the value and true humanity of a person stemming from his inner worth. At first, Abel Magwitch seems to be the last person one would expect to be loyal, trustworthy, and hold immense integrity and morality. As a convict, the reader expects him to be vile, cruel, andShow MoreRelated`` The Bright Stuff `` By President Woodrow Wilson : The Only Cement That Will Ever Hold The World979 Words   |  4 Pagesdeclared that â€Å"friendship [was] the only cement that will ever hold the world together†. Human beings form massive networks, tied together by fine threads, like a web. Those relationships revolving around us are expanded by pollination, as meeting friends of friends rapidly increases one’s social network. The importance of understanding human inte ractions rises in accordance with the continuous changes in our environment. Nowadays, scientific researches interested in the friendship process exploreRead MoreSocial Media On Real World Friendships And Interactions879 Words   |  4 Pagesmedia does impede on real world friendships and interactions because it takes away from one-on- one emotional experience with close friends which is vital for a happier and healthier life. Social media is ruining true friendships and conversation. Social media takes away from face to face relationships that are so important. Face to face relationships requires commitment, time, and nurturing. Social media sites impede on relationships by threating true friendships. 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Based upon the American Heritage Dictionary, the definition of a friend is, ?A person whom one knows, likes and trusts.? But to all, Friendship has no defined terminology. The definition of a friend, and friendship, is based upon oneselfRead MoreFriendship, Love, And Love1401 Words   |  6 PagesFriendship and romantic love are two of the most fundamental relationships that human beings engage in. As social animals, most humans are naturally drawn to form bonds of affection with other people. Both friendship and love, however, are difficult to fully define and conceptualize. The fundamental meaning of each has changed throughout the course of human history and appears in different forms among different cultures. 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The novel, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, by Sherman Alexie, and modern sources explore how mental and physical attributes affect friendship quality. Both authors show how, often, same-race friendships form tighter bonds. In The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian best friends Junior and RowdyRead MoreFriendship Development Of College Students1613 Words   |  7 PagesFRIENDSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN COLLEGE STUDENTS Friendships are usually formed in early childhood and most times in those years they can contribute to sculpting a child’s personality, and behavior while filling the need for enjoyable company(). When friendships during early childhood and adolescents are formed they are typically based on the grounds that these peers are available during that time. However in college, friendships are more likely based on common interest, similar personalitiesRead MoreHow Social Media Helps Maintain And Grow Friendships1091 Words   |  5 PagesFrequent interaction helps maintain and grow friendships. However, the demands of a career and/or raising a family might leave little time for visiting with friends. A change in geography (for such reasons as health, career, or school) might result in excessive time passing between get-togethers. Social media helps maintain the bonds of a relationship by facilitating communication and can establish new friendships. Circumstances can prevent face-to-face interactions. Waiting until we see someoneRead MoreRelationship Between A Parent And Child Relationship1710 Words   |  7 Pages Throughout history human behavior has held a continuing fascination for artists of all kinds. The way in which human beings relate to one another has been a source of inspiration to painters, sculptors, authors, composers, playwrights, filmmakers and photographers alike. Relationships between people vary from the everyday dynamics and the significance in which they value one another and each connection between those relationships makes a different impact on the one of someone else. There are many

HR Professionals Of Positive Performance †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the HR Professionals Of Positive Performance. Answer: Discussion Forum CEO expect HR professionals to deliver positive performance in organizations even when the economy is down, and labor market is slack (Cappelli, 2015). They also expect them to plan for workforce needs and commit themselves to development through the provision of proper workforce. HR professionals are also expected to hire candidates for future opportunities and ones who can assist an organization to meet its goals. For HR and HR professionals to make a positive impact, they must be allowed to perform their duties as expected (Cappelli, 2015). For example from the article, there are key activities like layoffs, recruiting, conducting interviews among others which are undertaken by other people who have little or no knowledge about HR issues. They must also work based on the recent technology to undertake their duties like for example advertising for vacancies, communicating to employees and so on. One of the similarities that was particularly is that hiring qualified people is essential for better performance of organizations (Hiring human resources professionals, 2017). The other similarity is that digital age should be utilized to reach as many potential candidates as possible during job advertisements. One thing which was surprising was knowing that the duties that should be undertaken by HR professionals like for example hiring and conducting interviews are done by people who do not bear the required qualifications to do so. The other thing that I found be thought-provoking is the manner in which the digital age is assisting human resource professionals to undertake their duties. References Cappelli, P. (2015). Why We Love to Hate HRand what Hr can do about it. Havard business review, 1-15. Hiring human resources professionals. (2017, march 1). Retrieved 9 monday, 2017, from canadian HR reporter: https://www.hrreporter.com/video/816-hiring-human-resources-professionals/

International Marketing Ch 1 Essay Example

International Marketing Ch 1 Essay Discussion Questions for Chapter 1 The Scope and Challenge of International Marketing Discussion Questions |1. Define: | | | |International marketing |Foreign uncontrollables | | |Controllable elements |Marketing relativism | | |Uncontrollable elements |Self-reference criterion (SRC) | | |Domestic uncontrollables |Global awareness | 2. â€Å". . . the marketer’s task is the same whether applied in Dime Box, Texas, or Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. † Discuss. The only difference between domestic marketing and international marketing is that the activities take place in more than one country. Therefore, the marketing task is the same throughout the world. 3. How can the increased interest in international marketing on the part of the U. S. firms be explained? Increased interest has been brought about because of changing competitive structures, coupled with shifts in demand characteristics throughout the world. The U. S. market has reached saturation levels for many products, and increasing numbers of firms are faced with surpluses which must be sold. Also, many firms find that return on investment may be higher in foreign markets than in domestic markets. We will write a custom essay sample on International Marketing Ch 1 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on International Marketing Ch 1 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on International Marketing Ch 1 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Finally, more and more firms realize that tomorrow’s markets will be world markets and it is imperative that they establish world market positions early. 4. Discuss the four phases of international marketing involvement. The first phase includes those domestic firms which have no foreign business activity except those sales made to foreign customers who come directly to the firm. The second phase includes domestic firms which have temporary surpluses which are sold abroad. Therefore, sales are made on an availability basis with little or no intention for continuing market representation. The third phase includes the domestic firms that have permanent productive capacity which is utilized to produce goods which are sold on a continuing basis in foreign markets. The fourth phase includes the international company that produces a product for the world market. 5. Discuss the conditions that have led to the development of global markets. According to the Professor Levitt and others who suggest that there is a global market for goods, this phenomenon has resulted from new communications technology, travel and other factors which have led to the markets of the world being more aware of different products and processes. As a result of this awareness, there are segments in each market who have had similar experiences and thus have common needs. These common needs are described as a demand for high quality, reasonably priced, standardized products. There is a strong feeling that within each country’s market there is a growing segment that has been exposed to ideas from around the world and thus have had their tastes and perceived needs affected. There is a strong feeling that world markets are being driven toward a converging commonality of taste and needs leading toward global markets. 6. Differentiate between a global company and a multinational company. The main distinction between a global and a multinational company is that a global company assumes there are segments across countries which have the same needs and wants and designs a standardized, high quality, reasonably priced product for those segments and markets it as if there are no differences among the country markets. On the other hand, a multinational ompany operates in a number of countries and adjusts its products and marketing practices for each market. The multinational company has a specific marketing plan and adapts products for each country market. T he philosophy for the multinational company is that there are cultural differences among countries that require specific adaptations for those markets. This is contrasted with the global company which sees the entire world, or major regions of it, as a single entity requiring no specialized adjustments. This distinction may be more myth than fact and reflects Professor Levitt’s opinion. 7. Differentiate among the three international marketing concepts. Companies can be described by one of three orientations to international marketing management: 1. Domestic Market Expansion Concept 2. Multi-Domestic Market Concept 3. Global Marketing Concept It is expected that differences in the complexity and sophistication of a company’s marketing activity depend on which of these orientations guides its operations. The Domestic Market Extension Concept. The domestic company that seeks sales extension of its domestic products into foreign markets illustrates this orientation to international marketing. It views its international operations as secondary to and an extension of its domestic operations. The primary motive is to dispose of excess domestic production. Domestic business is its priority and foreign sales are seen as a profitable extension of domestic operations. While foreign markets may be vigorously pursued, the orientation remains basically domestic. Its attitude toward international sales is typified by the belief that if it sells in Peoria it will sell anywhere else in the world. Minimal, if any, efforts are made to adapt the marketing mix to foreign markets. The firm’s orientation is to market to foreign customers in the same manner the company markets to domestic customers. It seeks markets where demand is similar to the home market and its domestic product will be acceptable. This Domestic Market Expansion Strategy can be very profitable. Large and small exporting companies approach international marketing from this perspective. Multi-Domestic Market Concept. Once a company recognizes the importance of differences in overseas markets and the importance of offshore business to their organization, its orientation toward international business may shift to a Multi-Domestic Market Strategy. A company guided by this concept has a strong sense that country markets are vastly different (and they may be, depending on the product) and that market success requires an almost independent program for each country. Firms with this orientation market on a country-by-country basis with separate marketing strategies for each country. Subsidiaries operate independently of one another in establishing marketing objectives and plans. The domestic market and each of the country markets have separate marketing mixes with little interaction among them. Products are adapted for each market with minimum coordination with other country markets, advertising campaigns are localized as are the pricing and distribution decisions. A company with this concept does not look for similarity among elements of the marketing mix that might respond to standardization. Rather, it aims for adaptation to local country markets. Control is typically decentralized to reflect the belief that the uniqueness of each market requires local marketing input and control. Global Marketing Concept. A company guided by this new orientation or philosophy is generally referred to as a global company, its marketing activity is global marketing, and its market coverage is the world. A company employing a Global Marketing Strategy strives for efficiencies of scale by developing a standardized product, of dependable quality, to be sold at a reasonable price to a global market (that is, the same country market set throughout the world). Important to the Global Marketing Concept is the premise that world markets are being â€Å"driven toward a converging commonalty† that seek much the same ways to satisfy their needs and desires and thus, constitute significant market segments with similar demands for the same product the world over. With this orientation a company attempts to tandardize as much of the company effort as is practical on a world-wide basis. Some decisions are viewed as applicable worldwide, while others require consideration of local influences. The world as a whol e is viewed as the market and the firm develops a global marketing strategy. 8. Prepare your lifelong plan to be globally aware. Student exercise. A minimum would be a reading list plus some commitment to study different countries. 9. Discuss the three factors necessary to achieve global awareness. The three factors necessary to achieve global awareness are: 1) objectivity; objective in assessing opportunities, evaluating potential, and responding to problems. Too often mistakes are made because companies are swept away with generalities and make investments only later to find out that their commitment or abilities were not sufficient to succeed, 2) tolerance toward cultural differences; tolerance is understanding cultural differences and accepting and working with others whose behavior may be different from yours, 3) knowledgeable; knowledgeable about cultures, history, world market potentials, and global economy and social trends is critical for a person to be culturally aware. To be successfully in international business and globally aware, a person needs to keep abreast of the enormous changes occurring throughout the world. The 21st century will usher in great change and opportunities. The knowledgeable marketer will identify those opportunities long before it becomes evident to others. 10. Define and discuss the idea of global orientation. A global orientation means operating as if all the country markets in a company’s scope of operations (including domestic market) are approachable as a single global market and to standardize the marketing mix where culturally feasible and cost effective or to adapt the marketing mix where culturally required and cost effective. A global orientation does not mean to follow a single strategy of standardization without regard for cultural ifferences nor does it imply that the marketing effort must be adapted to every cultural difference. Instead, it means looking for market segments with similar demands that can be satisfied with the same product, standardizing the components of the marketing mix that can be standardized, and, where there are significant cultura l differences that require parts of the marketing mix to be culturally adapted, adapting. 11. Visit the Bureau of Economic Analysis homepage www. bea. doc. gov/. Select the section, Inter-national articles, and find the most recent information on Foreign Direct Investments in the United States. Which country has the highest dollar amount of investment in the United States? Second highest? This exercise is designed to familiarize the student with the Internet and the data available from the BEA. At the time this was written (1998), the following was found at the address above. U. S. Direct Investment Abroad Direct Investment Positions for 1996 Country and Industry Detail By Sylvia E. Bargas The U. S. direct investment position abroad valued at historical cost—the book value of U. S. direct investors’ equity in, and net outstanding loans to, their foreign affiliates—was $796. 5 billion at yearend 1996. The largest positions by far remained those in the United Kingdom ($142. 6 billion, or 18 percent of the total) and in Canada ($91. 6 billion, or 11 percent of the total).

Google And Motorola free essay sample

This $12. 5 billion deal is Google’s first step into the mobile device hardware market and can therefore be seen as a non- ­? horizontal or vertical merger, as Google has been active in the market at a different stage of the supply chain through the development of one of the major mobile device operating systems (OSs): Android OS. This merger will strengthen Google’s stance in the market for mobile devices and will mainly boost Google’s patent portfolio. Nearly one third of all mobile device sales in 2011 were smartphones with a growth rate of 58 percent from 2010. In this rapidly eveloping market with such a high number of consumers, it is of great importance that there is high competition in order to keep the prices low and to drive innovation. As this market is also very global, antitrust organisations all over the world, for example the United States Department of Justice or the European Commission need to check, whether a merger like the one that is presented in the following could harm competition or increase a firm’s market power in a market above an acceptable level. We will write a custom essay sample on Google And Motorola or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Additionally, this paper will face the question, whether the sinergies of this merger are big enough to influence the competition ommissions’ decisions. In order to answer these questions, this paper will firstly present the case and the decisions from both the European and the US point of view. Secondly, it will show an analysis of the economic background of the case to trace the steps of the two antitrust commissions and then, thirdly it will conclude with a competition analysis and a search for efficiency gains that justify the commissions’ decisions, followed by a short outlook. As an introductory part to this paper, I will give some general information about the firms, their operations prior to the merger and a projection of their ombined future. I will also present the notifying party’s (i. e. Google’s) reasons for why they would like to acquire Motorola. Following this are the EU and U. S. decisions and a short abstract on the differences in their approaches. 1 2. 1 Google, Inc. Google is mainly known as a provider of its internet search platform and online advertising services. Founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1998, it became a publically traded company in 2004 and since then it has become one of the biggest players in web- ­? based enterprises around the world. Its broad range of products goes from web search tools, via advertising services ike AdSense or AdWords, communication and publishing services, development resources, map- ­? related products, statistical tools and desktop applications to mobile applications and the operating systems Android for mobile devices and ChromeOS for personal computers. (Google, Inc. , 2012a) 2. 2 Motorola Mobility Holdings, Inc. MMI, formerly the mobile devices division of Motorola Inc. , became its own publically traded company in January 2011. In the 1990s it was the pioneer of the flip phone, the StarTac. With this and through its focus on this market segment it was able to develop its hit product, the super- ­? thin flip phone: Motorola RAZR. While these boosted its position in the analogue mobile phone market for a while, MMI’s slow adaption to digital technology made it lose the race to its rivals, e. g. Sony Ericsson or Nokia, in the beginning of the 21st century (Motorola Mobility Holdings, Inc. , 2010). Its market share began to drop with a record $1. 2 billion loss in 2007 and continued to drop in the years thereafter towards 2. 7 percent in 2010. This, amongst other issues, has led some people to believe that Motorola was nearing bankruptcy. (Gartner, Inc. , 2011) 2. 3 Reasons for a Merger In its own press release, Google Inc. (2012) states the ain benefits of the deal to be: 1. An acceleration of innovation and choice in mobile computing through which consumers will get better phones at lower prices and 2. A protection of the Android Ecosystem through Motorola’s patent portfolio, which guarantees Android to stay open- ­? source software, which is vital to completion in the mobile device space, as it is ensuring hardware manufacturers, application developers, mobile phone carriers and consumers all to have choice. Since 2008 Motorola has fully implemented the Android operating system for their 2 smartphones, which creates a â€Å"natural fit between [the two] companies† Google, Inc. , 2012b, p. 1). This, as well as Motorola being a member of the Open Handset Alliance (OHA), a consortium to create open standards for mobile devices, which now includes 84 firms from every part of the supply chain, will enable faster innovation. Another point that Google stresses in their facts about the acquisition is the long history of innovation in communications technology at Motorola Mobility and additionally the development of intellectual property. The latter is very important to Google as it will support their own, so far very small, patent portfolio to defend Android OS against the strong competition rom Apple and Microsoft, which is well explained in an extra paragraph in their press release. It is very important to Google to support the constant competition it has injected into the smartphone market since the introduction of the first Android phone in 2008. They are trying to give â€Å"consumers, application developers, and mobile carriers high- ­? quality alternatives to products like Apple? s iPhone and iPad and RIM’s BlackBerryâ€Å" (Google, Inc. , 2012b, p. 2). Google especially highlights what they will not be trying to do with the merger, in order to keep competitors and consumers calm. They do not want to close the Android cosystem and favour Motorola over other hardware manufactures. The Android OS will stay available to everyone on an open source basis. Google will also not force their partners to use Google search (in order to boost their own advertising revenues). 2. 4 The EU Decision The European Commission (EC) was notified of the proposed merger in late November 2011. Since Google and Motorola Mobility have a combined world- ­? wide turnover exceeding â‚ ¬5 billion and each have an EU- ­? wide turnover of more than â‚ ¬250 million, as well as neither one company is achieving more than two- ­? thirds of its EU- ­? Wide turnover within one European ountry, the merger has an EU dimension and has therefore to be allowed by the EC. In their analysis of whether the merger would bring about competition issues, the EC concluded to focus on the vertical relationships between â€Å"Google as the supplier of the open source Android OS and online services on the one hand and Motorola Mobility as a supplier of mobile devices and holder of important Intellectual Property Rights for mobile devices on the other hand† (European Commission, 2012, p. 4). The EC splits its initial market analysis into three parts: Firstly it focusses on the market for operating systems, secondly it analyses he market for mobile devices and thirdly it discusses the Standard Essential Patents (SEPs) 3 Google acquires from MMI. With their market analysis they conduct a competition analysis and conclude in all areas that the merger does not raise any competition issues, which can also be seen in the economic analysis that follows later. Their decision therefore is to drop the investigation and allow the deal to go through without any remedies or changes to be made. 2. 5 The US Decision The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) has approached the case in a similar, however, slightly different way. It combined the investigations f the merger case with acquisitions of certain patents by Apple Inc. , Microsoft Corporation and Research In Motion Ltd. , as all of these were linked to each other. In their analysis, the DOJ followed a similar approach to the EU, checking, whether the proposed acquisitions would create incentives and abilities for the acquiring firms to â€Å"exploit ambiguities in the SSOs’ F/RAND [fair/ reasonable and non- ­? discriminatory terms] licensing commitments to hold up rivals, this preventing or inhibiting innovation and competition† (U. S. Department of Justice, 2012, p. 2). In terms of Microsoft Corp. ’s and Apple’s acquisition of Nortel patents, the division’s concerns were lessened by the â€Å"clear commitments by Apple And Microsoft to license SEPsâ€Å" (U. S. Department of Justice, 2012, p. 1) on FRAND terms, as well as their commitments not to seek injunctions in disputes involving SEPs. However, the Department of Justice identifies Google’s commitments to be less clear. The Department refers to Google’s open letter to all Standard Setting Organizations (SSOs) and argues that Google’s statement does not directly provide the same assurance, as for example the other companies mentioned before. Google for example mentions in their letter that it will not seek njunctions for the infringement of SEPs against a competitor, however only for disputes involving future license revenues, and only if the counterparty â€Å"forgoes certain defenses such as challenging the validity of the patent; pays the full disputed amount into escrow; and agrees to a reciprocal assurance as the other companies’ statements concerning the exercise of its newly acquired patent rightsâ€Å" (Lo, 2012, p. 3). These are, however, only reasons for the Department to decide on further monitoring of how competitors are exercising their patents, in order to identify potential misuses of the SEPs and not to prohibit the merger.

How To Use the Spanish Preposition Hacia

How To Use the Spanish Preposition Hacia Hacia is a Spanish preposition typically meaning toward. It is usually used to indicate motion toward a person or object, although it can also be used to indicate a favorable attitude toward a person or object. Hacia is pronounced something like OSS-yah. It should not be confused with hacà ­a, a conjugated form of the verb hacer. Using Hacia To Indicate Motion Toward Here are examples of using hacia when referring to motion toward a person or thing. Although toward is the most common translation, other prepositions sometimes work as well. Los jovenes andaron hacia la direccià ³n del lago. (The youths walked in the direction of the lake.)Corrià ³ hacia el coche para tratar de sacar a su amigo, vivo y conciente. (He ran at the car in order to try to remove his friend, who was alive and conscious.)Girar hacia la izquierda y seguir hacia el oeste cinco millas. (Turn toward the left and keep on going toward the west for five miles.)Mi hermana empezà ³ a gatear hacia nuestro padre. (My sister began to crawl toward our father.) Hacia can be used with abajo, adelante, arriba, and atrs, respectively, to mean downward, forward, upward, and backward. Similarly, it can be used with points of the compass and other words to act as the equivalent of the English suffix -ward. Mover el cursor hacia adelante al final de la là ­nea. (Move the cursor forward to the end of the line.)La anaforia es la tendencia de los ojos a moverse hacia arriba cuando estn en reposo. (Anaphoria is the tendency for the eyes to move upward when they are at rest.)Los vientos ms fuertes del planeta avanzan hacia el este a una velocidad de 1.600 kilà ³metros por hora. (The planets strongest winds blow eastward at a speed of 1,600 kilometers per hour.) ¿Quà © pasarà ­a si un satà ©lite se dirigiera a toda velocidad hacia la Tierra? (What would happen if a satellite were directed earthward at full speed?) The motion can be figurative as well as literal: Viajamos hacia la libertad econà ³mica. (We are journeying toward economic liberty.)El mundo camina dormido hacia un desastre climtico. (The world is sleepwalking its way toward a climate disaster.)Con un ritmo enà ©rgico, â€Å"Un paso hacia la paz† es una cancià ³n llena de optimismo y esperanza. (With an energetic rhythm, â€Å"A Step Toward Peace† is a song full of optimism and hope.) Using Hacia for Direction Without Motion Use of hacia doesnt always indicate motion. It is used often with mirar and other verbs to indicate the direction someone is looking, either literally or figuratively. And it can also be used to indicate the existence of someone or something in a certain direction. Natalia mirà ³ hacia Mateo con un gesto de frustracià ³n. (Natalia looked toward Mateo with a look of frustration on her face.)La organizacià ³n mira hacia el futuro tras un aà ±o de cambio. (The organization is looking toward the future after a year of change.)Desde Atenas y hacia el norte hay trenes regulares diarios a muchas ciudades. (From Athens and toward the north there are regular daily trains to many cities.)En el camino hacia la escuela hay ruido y mucho trnsito. (On the road toward the school there is much noise and traffic.) Using Hacia for Expressing Attitudes Hacia can be used in expressing emotions or attitudes toward a person or thing: Tiene sentimientos ms profundos hacia ella, (He has very deep feelings for her.)El sondeo revelà ³ una disminucià ³n de la simpatà ­a popular hacia el corte. (The poll showed a loss of popular sympathy for the court.)Ms pruebas apuntan hacia los rebeldes. (More evidence is pointing to the rebels.)Es importante desarrollar actitudes positivas hacia la diversidad. (It is important to develop positive attitudes about diversity.) Using Hacia in Time Expressions Finally, hacia is sometimes used to express approximations of time: Llega en helicà ³ptero hacia las cinco de la maà ±ana para traer provisiones. (He arrives by helicopter at about 5 a.m. to bring provisions.)Fue construido hacia 1970. (It was built around 1970.)El tren llega hacia las 10 de la maà ±ana a Cajic. (The train arrives around 10 a.m. at Cajic.) Key Takeaways The Spanish preposition hacia is usually the equivalent of toward when it is used to indicate a direction of motion or attention.Hacia can also be used as the equivalent of the suffix -ward when used to indicate direction.Hacia is also used in referring to attitudes toward or about something.

Why do women commit fewer crimes than men Essay

Why do women commit fewer crimes than men - Essay Example Unfortunately all these arguments do not clearly explain why there more occurrences of crime among men than women (Campbell, Muncer and Bibel, 2001, p. 481). Recent studies have indicated that the ratio of crime between men and women is approximately 3 to 1 respectively. The following discussions present the most likely factors attributed to this trend associated with our societies. According to Currie (2007, p. 175) societies socialize male individuals to assume aggressive characteristics as a survival strategy. Society expects men to be strong so as to stand up for their rights whenever need arises. Furthermore a man was given the sole responsibility of providing security for his family. Due to the high expectations on man by society, men sometimes tend to prove their strength by engaging in crime. A man who cannot stand up for his rights is considered to be a weakling and such man may be denied respect in society (Lauritsen, Karen & James (2009.p. 368). Consequently men opt do anything at their disposal even using violent means to show how strong they are. Campbell, Muncer & Bibel (2001, p. 484) contends that on the other hand, women are considered to be the weaker sex by society and a woman who commits in crime is seen to deviate from the nature of society. Society describes a normal woman to be loving, patient, caring and understanding. A criminal woman is not fit for marriage according to society because it considers her to lack the actual traits of a mother. A mother will always be there for her family and no criminal activity can ever cross her mind. From the societies’ expectations of women, women restrict themselves from committing crime (Currie, 2007. P179). However this does not mean that women do not commit crime, they commit crime but at a very low rate compared to that of men. In addition, the way society distributes gender roles also restrict women from committing crime. Women are always within their families trying to care for